How is Factor VII deficiency inherited and which breeds are affected?

Factor VII deficiency is autosomal recessive, caused by a mutation in the F7 gene. Affected dogs have two copies, carriers have one (typically no clinical signs), clear dogs have none. Commonly affected breeds include Beagles, Airedales, Alaskan Malamutes, Scottish Deerhounds, and others. DNA testing is definitive and widely available. Never mate two carriers — Carrier × Clear pairings produce no affected puppies. Since the condition is relatively mild, carrier status isn't usually a strict bar to breeding, but transparency with puppy buyers matters. Our vets can help interpret results and advise on breeding decisions.